What are the two types of apoptosis?
The two major types of apoptosis pathways are “intrinsic pathways,” where a cell receives a signal to destroy itself from one of its own genes or proteins due to detection of DNA damage; and “extrinsic pathways,” where a cell receives a signal to start apoptosis from other cells in the organism.
What is the main function of the caspase in apoptosis?
Initiator caspases initiate the apoptosis signal while the executioner caspases carry out the mass proteolysis that leads to apoptosis. Inflammatory caspases do not function in apoptosis but are rather involved in inflammatory cytokine signaling and other types of cell death such as pyroptosis.
Why apoptosis is ATP dependent?
Which step in apoptosis is ATP- dependent? Because apoptosis is characterized by morphological changes in the nucleus, the apoptotic death signals must be transmitted from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.
Is caspase 1 involved in apoptosis?
Caspases are a family of cysteine proteases that mediate regulated cell death, including apoptosis and pyroptosis1. In pyroptosis, pores are formed in the cell membrane, which cause water influx and cell swelling, resulting in cell-membrane rupture4,6.
What do the different caspases do?
Caspases are a family of cysteine proteases that serve as primary effectors during apoptosis to proteolytically dismantle most cellular structures, including the cytoskeleton, cell junctions, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, and the nucleus (Taylor et al., 2008).
Do mammalian cells undergo caspase-independent apoptosis?
On the other hand, mammalian cells in a certain circumstance can undergo caspase-independent apoptosis that is mediated by the disruption of the mitochondrial membrane potential and the translocation of AIF and endonuclease G to nucleus where they induce chromatin condensation and/or large-scale DNA fragmentation ( 15 ).
What is caspase-independent cell death?
Although required for the apoptotic phenotype, it has become apparent that cells frequently die even when caspase function is blocked. This process, termed caspase-independent cell death (CICD), occurs in response to most intrinsic apoptotic cues, provided that mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization has occurred.
Does Evodiamine induce caspase-independent apoptosis in U937 cells?
We observed the nuclear translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor in evodiamine-induced apoptosis of U937 cells, which may be responsible for the caspase-independent apoptotic execution.
What are the caspase-dependent events of cell immunocompression and dissociation (CICD)?
Archetypal caspase-dependent events such as phosphatidylserine externalization and wide-scale chromatin condensation are notably absent during CICD. Cells undergoing CICD often display large-scale cytoplasmic vacuolization, autophagosome accumulation and peripheral nuclear condensation.
